Dissertation Results

Heteroscedasticity

2010-02-01T09:00:00.000-08:00

An important assumption assumed by the classical linear regression model is that the error term should be homogeneous in nature. Whenever that assumption is violated, then one can assume that Heteroscedasticity has occurred in the data.

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An example can help better explain Heteroscedasticity.

Consider, for example, an income saving model in which the income of a person is regarded as the independent variable, and the savings made by that individual is regarded as the dependent variable for heteroscedasticity. So, as the value of the income of that individual increases, simultaneously the savings also increase. But in the presence of heteroscedasticity, the graph would depict something unusual— for example there would be an increase in the income of the individual but the savings of the individual would remain constant.

This example also signifies the major difference between heteroscedasticity and homoscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity is mainly due to the presence of outlier in the data. Outlier in Heteroscedasticity means that the observations that are either small or large with respect to the other observations are present in the sample.

Heteroscedasticity is also caused due to omission of variables from the model. Considering the same income saving model, if the variable income is deleted from the model, then the researcher would not be able to interpret anything from the model.

Heteroscedasticity is more common in cross sectional types of data than in time series types of data. If the process of ordinary least squares (OLS) is performed by taking into account heteroscedasticity explicitly, then it would be difficult for the researcher to establish the process of the confidence intervals and the tests of hypotheses. Due to the presence of heteroscedasticity, the variance that is obtained by the researcher should be of lesser value than the value of the variance of the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). Therefore, the results obtained by the researcher through significant tests would be inaccurate because of the presence of heteroscedasticity.

Let us discuss some informal tests to detect the presence of heteroscedasticity.

A formal test called Spearman’s rank correlation test is used by the researcher to detect the presence of heteroscedasticity. This test can be used in the following way. Suppose the researcher assumes a simple linear model, Yi = ß0 + ß1Xi + ui, to detect heteroscedasticity. The researcher then fits the model to the data by obtaining the absolute value of the residual and then ranking them in ascending or descending manner to detect heteroscedasticity. After this, the researcher computes the Spearman’s rank correlation for heteroscedasticity. Moving on to the heteroscedasticity detection process, the population rank correlation coefficient is assumed as 0 and the size of the sample is assumed to be greater than 8. A significance test is carried out to detect heteroscedasticity. If the computed value of t is more than the tabulated value, then the researcher assumes that heteroscedasticity is present in the data. Otherwise, heteroscedasticity is not present in the data.

Reliability Analysis

2009-11-09T08:09:00.000-08:00

Reliability analysis is used when the researcher is interested in studying the reliability of a technology, be it small or large. By definition, the reliability of a system in reliability analysis means that the probability that the system is intended to function.

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According to Straub, the results and techniques of reliability theory in reliability analysis establishes bounds for unknown loss probabilities. Reliability analysis is obtained by extracting the amount of the systematic variability in a scale. This is basically done in reliability analysis by calculating the correlation between the scores which are obtained from various administrations of the scale.

There are four basic approaches for extracting reliability analysis.

The test retest reliability in reliability analysis refers to the respondents who are being managed into the similar sets of the scale of items at two dissimilar times under equal conditions. In reliability analysis, the amount of the likelihood between the two measurements is obtained by calculating the correlation coefficient. The larger the value of the correlation coefficient in reliability analysis, the greater the validity of that system.

This type of reliability analysis also depicts certain limitations as well. This type of reliability analysis is quite sensitive to the time interval between testing. The measurement which has been taken previously might manipulate the attributes which are measured in this type of reliability analysis.

The internal consistency reliability in reliability analysis is utilized by the researcher in measuring the validity of a summated scale (i.e. the scale where numerous items are summed to form a total score). This type of reliability analysis generally takes care of the inner consistency of the set of items which forms a scale.

The split half reliability in reliability analysis is also internal consistency reliability. The items on the scales are divided into two halves and the resultants’ half score are associated in reliability analysis. The larger associations between the halves signify larger internal consistency in reliability analysis. The scale items can be divided into halves on the basis of odd and even numbered items in reliability analysis.

The limitation of this type of reliability analysis is the dependency of the outcomes on the manner in which the items are being split up. In order to overcome this drawback, coefficient alpha or Cronbach’s alpha is utilized by the researcher in reliability analysis.

The inter rater reliability in reliability analysis can also be designated as inter rater agreement in reliability analysis. This type of reliability analysis helps the researcher to understand whether or not two or more than two raters or interviewers can direct a similar form to similar types of people homogeneously. This is done in order to set up the limit of consensus.

There are certain assumptions that are followed by the researcher while conducting reliability analysis upon some system under consideration.

In reliability analysis, it is assumed that the errors occurring in reliability analysis are not associated with each other.

The coding that is done by the researcher across the same items should have similar meanings in reliability analysis.

In the split half test type of reliability analysis, the handling over of the subjects in reliability analysis is assumed randomly.

It is assumed that the observations in the reliability analysis should always be independent of each other.

In split half test type of reliability analysis, equivalent variances among the observations are assumed.

APA Format

2009-10-28T06:59:00.000-07:00

There are few things more important in a doctoral dissertation than proper APA format. Without proper APA format, a dissertation will not be considered or accepted, thus APA format is essential to any dissertation. APA (American Psychological Association) format is commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. It is also one of the most widely used and popular means of formatting.

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In a way, APA format is a style of writing. APA format consists of guidelines, rules and regulations that ensure that written material is presented consistently. Everything within a dissertation falls under APA format and thus, everything in a dissertation must be formatted with proper APA format. APA format guides all aspects of a dissertation including the construction of tables, the selection of headings, the citation of references, the punctuations and abbreviations within the dissertation, the presentation of statistics, etc.

These rules can be daunting to the student who is most-often concerned with the actual dissertation itself—not the way that it is presented! Add to this the fact that most students begin worrying about APA format at the very end of their dissertation, and students become very stressed and burdened by the prospect of translating all of their statistics, tables, charts, graphs, etc. into proper APA format.

It is understandable why students become so stressed and burdened by the task of transposing all of their research and statistics into APA format. The APA formatting book is hundreds of pages long and it details many rules and regulations that students need to follow. These rules and regulations explicitly detail how everything must be documented. Additionally, there are APA rules for formatting information obtained on the web and information obtained using new technologies. And because technology is changing continuously, the APA formatting manual cannot keep up with these changes. This again only increases the pressure felt by students as they must then research how to document their research!

There is help, however, for the student who needs to complete their dissertation in time while following proper APA formatting rules. Unfortunately, students often turn to the wrong source for help. The first place that many students turn to for APA help is the internet. The internet offers guides and tips for writing in proper APA format, but these guides and tips do not cover all that there is to be covered with APA format. On top of this, researching these guides and using them is often just as time consuming as going through the entire manual of APA formatting. Better help comes in the form of dissertation consultants. Dissertation consultants know all there is to know about APA formatting because they have had extensive experience with APA format. What can take a student days, weeks and months, a dissertation consultant can accomplish in far shorter time. In other words, the best help available is from people who have done it before—and these people are dissertation consultants.

Dissertation consultants do more than help with APA formatting issues, however, as they can offer valuable feedback on the dissertation itself. Proper APA format falls within the bounds of dissertation consultants’ work, but is by no means the only thing that they can help a student with. Dissertation consultants will review the entire dissertation—from the thesis, to the proposal, to the research and the methodology. A dissertation consultant can also be a valuable editor and can offer valuable feedback and help. And, of course, the dissertation consultant will deal with every single APA format issue in the dissertation.

What Are Dissertation Consultants?

2009-09-23T11:15:00.000-07:00

What are dissertation consultants?

Dissertation consultants are professionals who can help you as you complete the dissertation. Dissertation consultants can provide you help in any area—be it on the choosing of a topic or help with the statistical procedures of the dissertation—and this help can prove to be invaluable as a doctoral degree seeking student works on the lengthiest and most difficult part of the doctoral student’s career.

Where do I find dissertation consultants?

The best place to find dissertation consultants is on-line. Because there are so many dissertation consultants and dissertation consulting firms, however, the doctoral students should do some research before he or she decides which dissertation consulting firm to use. This research does not take long and does not have to be time consuming. Mostly, it involves a phone call to the dissertation consulting firm. This phone call to dissertation consultants can give the student much more information as to how the dissertation consultants can help the student as they write the dissertation.

How much do dissertation consultants cost?

There is no one set price for dissertation consultants, because dissertation consultants provide different services to different students. Because every dissertation is different, it is impossible to give one set price. For example, a student who has written and worked on a dissertation before probably needs less help than a student who has completed a dissertation in the past. However, while the price varies from student to student and from dissertation to dissertation, one thing remains absolutely constant, and that is that it is always cost effective to hire dissertation consultants. This is true because the help that dissertation consultants can provide to each and every student is unmatched and unparalleled. And there is no substitute for accurate and dependable help when it comes to the dissertation.

Are dissertation consultants right for me?

Dissertation consultants can help any student, regardless of the topic or the need that is required. Dissertation consultants are trained professionals who have helped thousands and thousands of students in the past and there is no reason, then, to not have the help of dissertation consultants. Because dissertation consultants can make the entire process of writing a dissertation that much easier, all students should at least find out what dissertation consultants can do for them. Again, the best way to do this is for the doctoral student to make a call to the dissertation consultants. And because many dissertation consulting firms provide a free initial consultation, there is absolutely no reason not to at least get a free consultation from dissertation consultants.

How can dissertation consultants help me?

Dissertation consultants can help you through every part of your dissertation. If you are currently working on your dissertation, chances are you’ve hit a road block at some point in your work. Dissertation consultants can make sure that you don’t hit those road blocks, and thus, dissertation consultants can save you much time in the long run. Dissertation consultants can also help you navigate every single statistical procedure that you will need to complete in order for you to finish your dissertation. And because the statistical procedures are where many doctoral degree seeking students need help, the help on statistical procedures that dissertation consultants can provide can be a life saver to most degree seeking students. Dissertation consultants can therefore help any student on any part of the dissertation as dissertation consultants are trained professionals who see every single job done to the very end. Dissertation consultants do not rest until the degree seeking student has finally obtained his or her doctoral degree.

How Do I Do PhD Statistics Analyses?

2009-09-04T11:47:00.001-07:00

How do I do PhD statistics analyses?

It is by no means easy to complete PhD statistics analyses. In fact, if you are a doctoral student who is looking to acquire your PhD, you have most likely experienced difficulty as you work on your PhD statistics analyses. This is quite common for PhD students because PhD students are not always trained properly in the complicated world of statistics. Proper training in statistics can take years and years of study, and PhD students do not have time for this proper training—they are stretched thin enough as it is in terms of time constraints and work that needs to be completed. Thus, because there simply is not enough time to cover every aspect of statistics, and not enough time to devote to the proper learning of statistics, PhD students often struggle when they get to the PhD statistics analyses for their dissertation.

How do I get help on PhD statistics analyses?

The question of getting help on the PhD statistics analyses is a very good question to ask because there are indeed many ways to get help on the PhD statistics analyses. One very good way of getting help on the PhD statistics analyses is to go to your advisor and ask for help on the PhD statistics analyses. And while this can sometimes be a great source for PhD students, oftentimes there are many limitations when it comes to the advisor. First, a student’s advisor is often strapped for time him or herself. Thus, the time that an advisor can spend helping you with your PhD statistics analyses is often not enough. Second, because an advisor cannot spend enough time with you in terms of going over the PhD statistics analyses, oftentimes it is not until after a mistake has been made that the advisor will point out that a mistake has been made. And mistakes in the dissertation and in the PhD statistics analyses can take weeks, months and years to fix. Thus, if an advisor waits until after a doctoral student has actually made the mistake in the PhD statistics analyses, this can cause a doctoral student to push back and delay the completion of the dissertation.

Another way a doctoral student can get help on the PhD statistics analyses is to go on-line and to do extensive research and reading on how to complete PhD statistics analyses. This can sometimes be useful, but more often than not, the information provided on-line about PhD statistics analyses is either very complicated, or what’s worse, it contradicts itself. Thus, students who go on-line to look for help with their PhD statistics analyses are often more frustrated after they have looked for PhD statistics analyses help on-line. Additionally, they have wasted valuable time in looking for that PhD statistical analyses help on-line.

The best way for a student to get help with their PhD statistics analyses is to hire a statistical consultant or a dissertation consultant who can walk a student through every aspect of the PhD statistics analyses. Unlike the doctoral student’s advisor who is constantly strapped for time, a statistical consultant or a dissertation consultant is not strapped for time as the only job of the dissertation consultant is to help the student with the PhD statistics analyses. Additionally, the help and assistance that a dissertation consultant or a statistical consultant can provide to the student is always useful, clear, and accurate and it does not contradict itself. Thus the absolute best way for a student to ensure that he or she is doing the PhD statistics analyses accurately and correctly is to seek the help of a dissertation consultant.

What are Doctoral Dissertation Consultants?

2009-08-26T07:59:00.000-07:00

What are doctoral dissertation consultants?

Doctoral dissertation consultants are trained professionals that can give a doctoral student invaluable expert advice on his or her dissertation. Doctoral dissertation consultants can help a doctoral student with every single part of the dissertation, including with choosing the actual topic for the dissertation. Thus, doctoral dissertation consultants are a dependable solution to many problems that doctoral students encounter as they work on and write their dissertations.

What do doctoral dissertation consultants do?

Doctoral dissertation consultants do many things to help students as they complete the lengthy, laborious and difficult task of finishing the dissertation. Mainly, doctoral dissertation consultants provide guidance, assistance, help, support and mentorship to any and all doctoral students who are working on their dissertations. This help varies from project to project so the help that doctoral dissertation consultants provide changes from student to student. One thing remains constant, however, and that is that doctoral dissertation consultants will always provide expert assistance to the student and doctoral dissertation consultants will make sure that the student who hires the doctoral dissertation consultants will finish his or her dissertation with success and in a timely manner.

Why do I need doctoral dissertation consultants?

While no student is obligated to seek doctoral dissertation consultants, all doctoral students can certainly benefit from the help that doctoral dissertation consultants can provide Doctoral dissertation consultants act as an advisor—much like the advisor that the student has been assigned at the university. Doctoral dissertation consultants are much more attentive and helpful, however, because their only job is to help the student. In other words, unlike advisors who are sometimes busy or who are not always helpful, doctoral dissertation consultants are trained to help every student and they are always available for one-on-one assistance. Additionally, doctoral dissertation consultants can help a student through every single step of the dissertation. Doctoral dissertation consultants, then, can begin helping students at the very first stage—when the student must choose the topic. And because students sometimes choose topics that are either too broad or cannot be studied statistically, this help can prove to be very useful. Once the topic of the dissertation has been chosen, the student and the doctoral dissertation consultants can work on the entirety of the dissertation. This includes but is not limited to the following:
• Doctoral dissertation consultants help in going through the proposal phase
• Doctoral dissertation consultants assist the student as he or she performs very intense and exhaustive dissertation research
• Doctoral dissertation consultants guide the student as he or she appropriately documents this research
• Doctoral dissertation consultants work on the dissertation methodology with the student
• Doctoral dissertation consultants create a workable and complete time line for the dissertation
• Doctoral dissertation consultants provide expert assistance in the collecting of accurate and precise data
• Doctoral dissertation consultants interpret the data
• Doctoral dissertation consultants help the student extract statistical analysis from the data
• Doctoral dissertation consultants guide the student as he or she applies that statistical analysis to the data
• Doctoral dissertation consultants can proofread the dissertation and can assist the student with formatting the dissertation
• Doctoral dissertation consultants will prepare the doctoral student for the oral defense of his or her paper.

What is the cost of doctoral dissertation consultants?

There is no one exact price for every student as the needs of students differ depending on the dissertation and depending on the student. One thing is certain, however, and that is that doctoral dissertation consultants are affordable. The best way to get an accurate price for doctoral dissertation consultants is to contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation and quote.

Dissertation Consulting

2009-07-23T09:36:00.000-07:00

Dissertation consulting is very often a necessity in order to help students who face the difficulties of selecting a topic, writing methods, understanding content, understanding complex formulas and understanding techniques. Students can find help if they seek the help of dissertation consulting. Dissertation consulting provides assistance in various statistical topics used in the fields of business, nursing and medicine, and psychology.

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Dissertation consulting helps students in the fields of business, nursing and medicine, and psychology as students often face problems in submitting their dissertation on statistical topics. In business, for example, suppose the student is working on a market research project. Dissertation consulting can provide help on the complete overview of market research theory. Dissertation consulting can also provide information on various statistical techniques that need to be used to do the market research. If the student is using cluster analysis in his or her project, then Dissertation consulting can provide information on cluster analysis. Dissertation consulting sheds light on various usages of cluster analysis in market research. This includes why consumers buy certain products and the benefits sought from these products. Dissertation consulting tells students that Cluster Analysis can identify the homogeneous groups of buyers, can formulate a problem, can select a distance measure, can select a clustering procedure, can decide the number of clusters, and can interpret the profile clusters. Additionally, dissertation consulting helps with the validity of clustering done through Cluster Analysis. Clearly, dissertation consulting informs the students on different types of clustering procedures in the analysis. These are hierarchical, non hierarchical, or two step procedures.

In psychology, if a student is working on a project based on partial correlation, dissertation consulting can provide information about the complete overview of partial correlation theory. Dissertation consulting can help students gather information that tells the student that partial correlation is nothing but the measure of association between the two variables— while controlling or adjusting the effect of one or more additional variables. Dissertation consulting provides information on certain terminologies of partial correlation. These terminologies include control variables, order of correlation, spurious correlation, etc. Dissertation consulting provides information about the usefulness of partial correlation. It tells students that partial correlation is quiet common in cases of small models, like models with one control variable or sometimes with two or three control variables. Dissertation consulting gives information about various assumptions of partial correlation. These assumptions include the assumption that in a linear relationship, data should be interval in nature, etc.

In the medical field of nursing, laboratory research and medicine, dissertation consulting provides information that tells the researcher that clinical trials can be done only when a sufficient amount of information has been gathered on the quality of the drug that is to be tested. Dissertation consulting explains that epidemiology is the process of studying the factors affecting the health and illness of the population of a particular region. Dissertation consulting also advises the researcher that this process serves in the interest of public health, and medicines can be taken for prevention.

Dissertation consulting consists of people who have attained their doctorates in respective fields. These people include professors and lecturers. Dissertation consulting does not do the work for the student, however. Rather, dissertation consulting assists the student so that they are equipped with everything they need to succeed.

Dissertation Statistics

2009-07-14T10:35:00.000-07:00

The single most important part of a doctoral student’s academic career is the completion of his or her dissertation. The dissertation is the culmination of a student’s career, and as such, it is one of the most time consuming, effort intensive aspects of the student’s degree. In order to have a dissertation approved and accepted, the research within the dissertation must be accurate and precise. Thus, the statistics within the dissertation, or the dissertation statistics, must be accurate and precise.

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In order to obtain valid dissertation statistics, students must be familiar with the field of statistics. Dissertation statistics require that the most appropriate and pertinent tests are chosen to analyze the question or topic. Additionally dissertation statistics require that students follow precise research design. Dissertation statistics also involves the collection of relevant data. Dissertation statistics can be obtained through surveys, studies, demographical data, etc. There are many rules, however, that must be followed when acquiring dissertation statistics. Without the proper tests and assumptions, the dissertation statistics acquired will be invalid.

Because getting valid dissertation statistics is difficult, there are many ways a student can get help in acquiring precise dissertation statistics. One such way to get optimal dissertation statistics is to ask the dissertation advisor. The dissertation advisor, however, is oftentimes very busy—especially when it comes to going over every aspect of the methodology required in attaining accurate dissertation statistics.

Another way to get accurate dissertation statistics is to hire dissertation consultants. Dissertation consultants know exactly what needs to be done/implemented/executed in order to obtain valid and substantial dissertation statistics. Dissertation consultants know, for example, how to collect relevant data. Dissertation consultants know that without the collection of relevant data, valid dissertation statistics are impossible to achieve. Dissertation consultants, therefore, can set-up surveys and questionnaires that can answer the question that is being researched. Oftentimes, without the help of dissertation consultants, students do not have appropriate questions on questionnaires. They are therefore unable to collect all of the dissertation statistics necessary.

Dissertation consultants also know how the sample size affects dissertation statistics. Dissertation statistics must be acquired with data collected from the right sample size, and dissertation consultants are experts in sample size justification.

Once dissertation consultants help the student with the collection of the dissertation statistics through valid collection of data techniques, dissertation consultants know what to do with the data that is collected. Though it might seem simple, oftentimes students working on their dissertations are not trained in dissertation statistics, and they therefore do not have the knowledge base necessary to interpret the data collected. Here again dissertation consultants can be beneficial as they can interpret the data in order to collect the most precise dissertation statistics.

Part of this interpretation of data in order to get proper dissertation statistics involves SPSS. SPSS is a comprehensive statistical software package that helps a student analyze and interpret dissertation data. SPSS can import data from different files, such as Excel, Word, etc. SPSS can then generate tabulated graphs, charts and reports based on the data (In order for the dissertation statistics to be accurate, of course, the collection of the data must be accurate, as mentioned before). Using SPSS properly, however, can be very difficult for students to do alone. Dissertation consultants can help in that vein, as accurate dissertation statistics are impossible without proper use of SPSS. With the help of dissertation consultants, what can take a student days, weeks and months to figure out, a dissertation consultant can do in far less time. Additionally, the dissertation consultant will ensure accurate dissertation statistics because dissertation consultants know how important it is for those dissertation statistics to be accurate and valid. Only with accurate and valid dissertation statistics will a dissertation be approved, and therefore dissertation consultants are an invaluable part of the dissertation statistics and dissertation writing process.

APA Formatting Help

2009-06-29T07:28:00.000-07:00

What busy student has the time to worry about the minutia of APA formatting? Because of the time constraints faced by students slaving over the research, analysis and writing of their dissertations, not many students have the time or patience necessary to deal with APA formatting. This is precisely where APA formatting help comes in as APA formatting help can assist the busy student with all of his/her APA formatting issues.

Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in statistical consulting and APA formatting for dissertations, theses or research projects. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.

APA formatting help is designed to help students who do not know how to use proper APA format. APA formatting help is provided by experts who have immense training and background in APA formatting. Because APA formatting is so time consuming, APA formatting help can save the student from much wasted time that can be spent elsewhere. APA formatting help is the perfect solution for a busy student who is strapped for time, as APA formatting help can solve all of the student’s APA formatting problems.

There is much need for APA formatting help as APA formatting help can not only save time, but it can make APA formatting much easier to understand. APA formatting help breaks down the hundreds of rules and guidelines and gives the student exactly what they need in terms of APA formatting. APA formatting help also allows the student to feel confident about the APA formatting part of his/her paper.

APA formatting help is available from consultants, but these consultants need to be especially qualified to offer APA formatting help. It is therefore very important to make sure that the APA formatting help that you hire is trained in APA formatting help. Additionally, with our ever-evolving technology, APA formatting is also ever-evolving because there must always be a standard way to cite any technology that a student uses. Again, this is where APA formatting help comes into play as it keeps up with the ever- changing world of technology.

There is also software available for APA formatting help. This software, however, does not compare to an actual person offering APA formatting help. A good analogy would be the spell-check and grammar-check feature on Microsoft Word. The spell check and grammar-check on Microsoft word does not always find spelling and grammar mistakes! Instead, it finds what it thinks are spelling and grammar mistakes, but in reality, oftentimes the spell-check and grammar-check is incorrect! This is much like the software for APA formatting help. Like anything, APA formatting help is best done with actual people. Just imagine having an English teacher proof your paper instead of Microsoft Word’s Spell/Grammar check! The same is true for APA formatting help because if a student gets APA formatting help, that person offering APA formatting help is as versed in APA format as an English teacher would be in spelling and grammar. In terms of APA formatting help, software, therefore, cannot compare with actual help.

APA formatting help also picks up on the larger issues of the dissertation. Because of this, it is important to acquire APA formatting help from someone who is well qualified. In fact, many experts who offer APA formatting help are also experts in statistics and consulting. And because experts who offer APA formatting help are well trained in statistics and consulting, the student can get both APA formatting help and overall dissertation consulting at the same time. In other words, while APA formatting help offers guidance and assistance in all things relating to APA formatting, APA formatting help is also there to help students review their entire dissertation. It is clearly beneficial, then, to seek APA formatting help.

Most students in today’s busy world do not have the time or desire to deal with APA formatting, and APA formatting help is clearly a solution for those students.

Dissertation Statistics

2009-06-26T08:02:00.000-07:00

There is nothing more important to a dissertation than having accurate, precise and valid statistics. This, however, is by no means easy as acquiring these dissertation statistics can be quite technical. And unfortunately for doctoral students, they cannot complete their doctoral degrees without adequate dissertation statistics.

Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation statistical consulting. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.

Dissertation statistics, then, are incredibly important to the dissertation. These dissertation statistics can take a lot of time to accumulate as proper research and information must be gathered in order to have accurate dissertation statistics. The first step in acquiring precise dissertation statistics, then, is to acquire valid and usable data.

The data gathering process for the dissertation statistics can be quite lengthy. This is because it always takes time to gather data. It can be even lengthier, however, if the student does not gather the right data or if there is a flaw in the data gathering process. In other words, the dissertation statistics must be based off of accurate data and if the data is not acquired precisely, the dissertation statistics will also be imprecise.

Thus, a student is well advised to get help in the process of gathering data for the dissertation statistics. This help can come from the student’s advisor. If the student’s advisor is not available, a student can go on-line to learn all of the information necessary to gather proper data. This, however, often proves to be futile and a waste of time as there are countless web-pages that explain how to gather data and many of these web-pages contradict each other. Thus, a student should turn to dissertation consultants in order to get help with their dissertation statistics.

Dissertation consultants can help a student at any point in the dissertation writing. This includes helping the student with the dissertation statistics portion of the dissertation. Dissertation consultants know just how valuable dissertation statistics are, and they know how to obtain proper dissertation statistics. Dissertation consultants also know that it is impossible to have a solid dissertation without dissertation statistics, so dissertation consultants are trained to help students with every aspect of the dissertation statistics.

Dissertation consultants can therefore help students acquire the necessary data off of which to base the dissertation statistics. And though this is a lengthy process, dissertation consultants can expedite this lengthy and tedious process. Dissertation consultants do this by explaining the most efficient ways of gathering data. Additionally, they can even set-up this data gathering! For example, dissertation consultants are well versed in questionnaires (among other data gathering sources) and they can not only help a student with the questions that need to be on a questionnaire, they can also post this questionnaire on-line and make sure that the student acquires the necessary amount of respondents. And while it is true that a student can do all of this by himself or herself, dissertation consultants speed up this process and guarantee that the data obtained is accurate, precise and valid.

Once the necessary data has been collected, the dissertation consultants can help the student apply this data to the dissertation statistics. In other words, once the data is collected, the dissertation consultants can interpret this data and turn it into proper dissertation statistics.

The dissertation consultants will then ensure that the dissertation is written properly, using and incorporating these dissertation statistics effectively. And with these accurate dissertation statistics, and the proper use of them in a dissertation, a student is guaranteed success. In other words, dissertation consultants will ensure that the dissertation statistics are valid, that the dissertation statistics are accurate, that the dissertation statistics are done correctly, and that the dissertation statistics are applied properly to the dissertation.

There is therefore no better way to ensure success than to seek the help of dissertation consultants who can help students with their dissertation statistics.

Logistic Regression

2009-03-16T10:07:00.000-07:00

Logistic regression is the extension of simple linear regression. Simple Linear regression is a statistical technique that is used to learn about the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. In Linear regression, dependent and independent variables are continuous in nature. For example, we could apply it to sale and marketing expenditure, where we want to predict sales based on marketing expenditure. Where the dependent variable(s) is dichotomous or binary in nature, we cannot use simple linear regression. Logistic regression is the statistical technique used to predict the relationship between predictors and predicted variables where the dependent variable is binary. Furthermore, where our dependent variable has two categories, we use binary logistic regression. If our dependent variable has more than two categories, it will be necessary to use multinomial logistic regression, whereas if our dependent variable is ordinal in nature, we use ordinal logistic regression.

In logistic regression, we assume one reference category with which we compare other variables for the probability of the occurrence of specific ‘events’ by fitting a logistic curve.

Like other regression techniques, logistic regression involves the use of two hypotheses:

1. A Null hypothesis: null hypothesis beta coefficient is equal to zero, and,

2. Alternative hypothesis: Alternative hypothesis assumes that beta coefficient is not equal to zero.

Logistic regression does not require that the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variable(s) be linear. Also, logistic regression does not require the error term to be normally distributed. Logistic regression assumes that the independent variables are interval scaled or binary in nature. However, logistic regression does not require the variance between the categorical variables. In logistic regression, normality is also not required. However, logistic regression does assume the absence of outliers.

There are some key differences in the methodologies and processes involved in simple vs. logistic regression. In the case of simple regression, ANOVA is used to evaluate the overall model fitness. Furthermore, R-square is used to evaluate the variance, as explained by the independent variable. Cox and Snell's R², Nagelkerke's R², McFadden's R², Pseudo-R² are alternatives to the R-square in logistic regression. Furthermore, we use the t-test to assess the significance of individual variables where simple regression is concerned. However, in the case of logistic regression, we use the Wald statistic to assess the significance of the independent variables. Instead of simple beta, exponential beta is used in logistic regression as the independent coefficient. Exponential beta provides an odd ratio for the dependent variable based on the independent variables. This essentially is a probability of an event occurring vs. not occurring.

Rule of thumb (Peruzzi et al, 1996) recommends that to estimate the logistic regression function, a minimum of 10 cases per independent variable is required to achieve reliable and meaningful results. For instance, where 10 independent variables are concerned, a minimum sample size of 100 with at least 10 cases per variable (once you take missing values and outliers into account) are permissible.

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SPSS

2009-01-27T11:55:00.000-08:00

SPSS

SPSS is a popular statistical analysis software package, which stands for Statistical Package for Social Sciences. It is one of the more popular tools in contemporary statistical analysis due to its easy to use Graphical user interface, although it offers a wide range of capabilities ranging from add-on modules to add-on packages such as Amos and Clementine. SPSS was first developed in 1968 and has since been used extensively in industry and university research applications.

SPSS, like many other tools out there such as E-views, Stata, MStat and SAS, offers the basic capability of descriptive statistics, regression and other related tools in the base package, to serve its most common applications. In addition, through various add on modules, it can cater to the more advanced needs of high end multivariate analysis, neural networks, conjoint analysis, etc. it offers the convenience of automating several tasks such as data cleansing and organizing, along with creating charts and other types of output. It also allows for automation of tasks such as data coding, missing values analysis and import/export (from tools such as excel).

The SPSS screen offers two viewing modes; one with the data entry screen where entered or imported data are displayed. The labels row, unlike in excel, is displayed separately as a grayed out area. The editing of the variables themselves takes place in the other display called the ‘Variable View’. has two view options one is data view where data entry occur. The second view is variable view where we can see the properties of the variable(s), including name, variable type (string, date, numeric, etc.), variable length (width of the column), label, alignment, etc. as an analyst, one of the key advantages of SPSS is the ability to simply open an excel file in its own screen and edit information, without having to go through a complex import/export process. It also has the inherent windows properties such as cut, copy, paste, find, replace, etc., which makes it easy for a non-SPSS user to gain familiarity with the system, particularly if one has experience using MS Office tools.

The key selling point of SPSS is its expansive data analysis options. A wide range of data analysis functions can be performed using SPSS, including hypothesis testing, frequencies, crosstabs, T-test, ANOVA, correlation, regression analysis (linear as well nonlinear), cluster analysis, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, missing value analysis, time series forecasting etc. however, what makes it even better is how these functions are automated to the point that one need simply select the relevant variables and corresponding applications for output and analysis (where necessary), and SPSS does the rest. In the context of SPSS, it’s important to mention that using AMOS and Clementine, two of its’ most popular add-on packages (not modules), one can access the high end functionality within SPSS. While Amos is used for Structured Equation modeling and Path analysis, Clementine is a high end data mining package. Amos is probably one of the simplest and easiest to use Path analysis softwares available. Each chain of variables can be dynamically ‘graphed’ without going into programming, with the results available near-on-the-fly. Clementine offers

There are several other packages in the market which are strong competition to SPSS in terms of functionality. Despite being a powerful software, SPSS is not without its shortcomings. For instance, when it comes to time series analysis, SPSS offers limited capabilities. Similarly, MATLAB is a powerful mathematical package used where programming needs are extensive.

SPSS vs. SAS

SAS is another leading statistical package with extensive programming capabilities. Unlike SPSS, SAS does not offer the easy to use point-and-click interface as extensively, although for programming needs, SAS is considered a more powerful tool. It was preferred over SPSS historically due to the ease of programming, which in SPSS was considered far more complex and difficult. However, the modern versions of SPSS command a lot more respect in terms of programming capability.
Time series analysis is another function which is much more extensive in SAS. However, SAS offers the flexibility to perform a variety of functions which may or may not be possible through SPSS.

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